Lateral view of vertebral column curvature in an adult, showing cervical (red), thoracic (brown), and lumbar (yellow) vertebrae, and the sacrum and coccyx (orange).

Lateral view of curvature of the fetal vertebral column, showing cervical (red), thoracic (brown), and lumbar (yellow) vertebrae, and the sacrum and coccyx (orange).

Scoliosis is the abnormal lateral and rotational curvature of the vertebral column.

Outline of female figure featuring abnormal vertebral column curvatures: lordosis.

Outline of female figure featuring abnormal vertebral column curvatures: kyphosis.

Toddler, from side, showing natural lordorsis for age.

Lateral view of vertebral column showing injury caused by hyperextension.

Cross-section of spinal area showing congenital defect in which part of vertebral column is absent.

Lateral view of vertebral column showing compression fracture of a vertebra.

Lateral radiograph of the extended cervical spine.

Lateral view of vertebral column showing injury caused by hyperflexion.

Part of vertebral column: intervertebral disc; intervertebral foramen with spinal nerve; portion of rib

Vertebral column and sacrum