Lordosis is the anteriorly convex curvature of the vertebral column.

Posterior view of the posterior longitudinal ligament; pedicles have been sawn through.

Lateral view of vertebral column showing injury caused by hyperextension.

Cross-section of spinal area showing congenital defect in which part of vertebral column is absent.

Lateral view of vertebral column showing compression fracture of a vertebra.

Anterior view of the vertebral column, showing the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebrae, and the sacrum and coccyx.

Lateral view of vertebral column showing compression fracture of a vertebra (without arrows).

Anteroposterior radiograph of the lumbar spine during lateral bending.

Lateral radiograph of the lumbar vertebrae.

Essential bony landmarks of the cervical vertebral column.

Lateral view of vertebral column showing injury caused by hyperextension and hyperflexion.

Sagittal view of section of vertebral column showing anterior dislocation of cervical spine.

Entire vertebral column