Typical thoracic vertebra in lateral and superior view.

Posterior view of the ligaments of the lumbar spine and pelvis.

Lateral radiograph showing spondylolysis; the dotted line shows the anterior displacement of L5 (spondylolisthesis).

The spinal cord within the bony vertebral canal. Emergence of spinal nerves at various levels.

Posterior view of the lumbar vertebrae, showing mammillary, accessory, transverse, superior articular, and inferior articular processes.

Anterior view showing the ligaments of the lumbar spine and pelvis, including the head of femur (joint capsule removed).

Lateral view of the lumbar vertebrae.

Transverse sections of the cervical (top), thoracic (2nd), lumbar (3rd), and sacral (4th) portions of the spinal cord. (DF, dorsal funiculus; LF, lateral funiculus; VF, ventral funiculus).

Transverse MRI of lumbar spine (IV, intervertebral disc; N, spinal nerve; CE, cauda equina; FJ, zygapophyseal joint; L, lamina; E, epidural fat; Sp, spinous process. )

Sagittal section of lumbar area of spinal column showing pertinent anatomy. Needle is removed leaving catheter in place between L3 and L4 vertebrae.

Lateral radiograph of the lumbar vertebrae.

Profile of female child exhibiting the musculoskeletal defect of kyphosis.

Lumbar vertebra and spinal canal