The city of Sardis or Sardes captured by the Cimmerians in the 7th century BC. From Hutchinson's History of the Nations, published 1915.

A German siege gun, a heavy howitzer gun developed in Germany at the start of World War One. From Hutchinson's History of the Nations, published 1915.

Hseyin Naz? m Pasha, 1848 1913. Turkish Chief of Staff of the military of the Ottoman Empire during the First Balkan War. From Hutchinson's History of the Nations, published 1915.

Radomir Putnik, 1847 1917. The first Serbian Field Marshal and Chief of the General Staff of the Serbian army in the Balkan Wars and in the First World War. From Hutchinson's History of the Nations, published 1915.

Map of Turkey at the outbreak of WWI. From Hutchinson's History of the Nations, published 1915.